Human decomposition is a natural process involving the breakdown of tissues after death. While factors such as weather, temperature, moisture, pH levels, oxygen availability, cause of death, and body position can influence the rate of decomposition, the process universally follows four stages: autolysis, bloat, active decay, and skeletonization.
The Four Stages of Human Decomposition
According to Dr. Arpad A. Vass, a forensic anthropology expert, human decomposition begins as quickly as four minutes after death and progresses through four distinct stages.
Stage One: Autolysis
Autolysis, or self-digestion, begins immediately after death. Without blood circulation and oxygen, cells create an acidic environment, causing their membranes to rupture and release enzymes that break down tissues.
Key Indicators:
- Rigor mortis stiffens muscles.
- Skin blisters form, creating a glossy sheen.
- The outer layer of skin loosens.
Stage Two: Bloat
During the bloat stage, gases produced by bacteria cause the body to swell significantly. Sulfur compounds discolor the skin, and putrefaction odors attract insects to the site.
Key Indicators:
- Body size doubles due to gas buildup.
- Strong, unpleasant odors linger.
- Insect activity begins.
Stage Three: Active Decay
The active decay stage is marked by the breakdown of soft tissues, resulting in significant mass loss. Body fluids may seep through orifices, and skin, muscles, and organs liquefy, leaving behind hair, bones, and cartilage.
Stage Four: Skeletonization
Skeletonization marks the final stage, where organic components like collagen degrade. The timeline for skeletonization depends on environmental factors, making it highly variable.
Decomposition Timeline
- 24-72 hours postmortem: Internal organs begin to decompose.
- 3-5 days postmortem: Bloating occurs, with foam leakage from the nose and mouth.
- 8-10 days postmortem: The body changes color as abdominal gases accumulate.
- Several weeks postmortem: Nails and teeth loosen.
- 1 month postmortem: The body liquefies.
Professional Cleanup After an Unattended or Traumatic Death
Unattended deaths can lead to structural damage, bacterial contamination, and insect infestations, requiring specialized cleanup. A professional trauma cleanup service ensures that all hazardous materials are safely removed, and the site is fully disinfected.
At ServiceMaster BioClean, we approach every cleanup with compassion, professionalism, and discretion, helping families and property owners restore their spaces and begin the healing process.